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3	3	#### Economic Development
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5	5	* **Economic Development Explained**: The ultimate goal of any software development effort is resource efficiency. In a business context, resources primarily mean money. That is, whether the topic is clean code, testing, architecture, agile, or even personal behavior as a professional, the goal is always to follow the **economic principle** of either achieving a fixed software goal using minimal resources (the **minimum principle**), or spending a fixed amount of time generating the most (business) value (the **maximum principle**). The goal is economic, the means to achieve it are technical. This means that the software engineer must think about the resources used for every technical decision, including typical business considerations such as cost-benefit and risk estimates. This is a valid business expectation for software engineers.
	6	+ * Minimum principle example: When implementing a feature - which represents a fixed goal - the most time-efficient approach is chosen to get it done.
	7	+ * Maximum principle example: The agile team tries to solve as many stories as possible in the time allotted for a fixed length iteration.
6	6	* **Sustainability**: Although economic development is too often misinterpreted as making short-term driven decisions, the actual goal is to achieve maximum profitability, which must include long-term considerations. In this way, time spent on maintaining high code quality through rigorous testing and refactoring are well spent investments that pay off in the long run.
7		-* **Opportunity Costs**: Spend your time creating the most business value while considering all alternatives. An example is the decision whether or not to optimize performance. Implementing a new feature usually generates high business value, as does refactoring the code until it is clean. Tedious performance tuning, on the other hand, is often not necessary because the features are "fast enough". So the better alternative is often to spend time working on new features and only optimize performance when it is really necessary.
8		-* **Hobby Projects**: The main drivers in a hobby project are usually not only fun, but also time spent on progress, and they are interrelated. Strict adherence to maximizing business value generation is contrary to the purpose of a hobby, which is to lightheartedly experiment, discover, or try new things. On the other hand, completely ignoring economics, e.g., not refactoring code, not testing, etc., will lead to development problems. The time it takes to make progress on a bad codebase becomes unnecessarily long, which is not a fun experience. This means that you should have fun with a hobby project, but my recommendation is to balance it with economic development so as not to lose the joy over time.
	9	+* **Opportunity Costs**: Spend your time creating the most business value while considering all alternatives. An example is the decision whether or not to optimize performance. Implementing a new feature usually generates high business value. Tedious performance tuning, on the other hand, is often not necessary when the features are "fast enough". So the better alternative is often to spend time working on new features and only optimize performance when it is really necessary. Also, in many use cases, most popular programming languages are fast enough and good developability is more important than resource-efficient languages. So use languages that provide native execution speed, such as C/C++/Rust, only when absolutely necessary.
	10	+* **Hobby Projects**: The main driver in a hobby project is usually having fun. Overly strict adherence to maximizing business value generation is contrary to the purpose of a hobby, which is to lightheartedly experiment, discover, or try new things. On the other hand, completely ignoring economics, e.g., not refactoring code, not testing, etc., will lead to development problems. The time it takes to make progress on a bad codebase becomes unnecessarily long, which is not a fun experience. This means that you should have fun with a hobby project, but my recommendation is to balance it with economic development so as not to lose the joy over time.
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10	10	#### Cost Considerations
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12	12	* **Most costs are caused by maintenance, not development.** Quick and dirty development never pays off, not in the short term and even less in the long term.
13	13	* **Hardware is cheap.** When software is deployed on a single server, hardware costs are usually negligible. However, when the same software is deployed on a large number of servers, the importance of hardware costs can increase.
14	14	* **Staff is expensive.** Salaries for software developers are high, and highly skilled people are rare. Be aware of this resource and take appropriate measures, such as investing time early in good code design to reduce the amount of development and maintenance staff needed.
15		-* **Performance is often secondary.** While it feels good to write highly efficient code, in many cases it is not necessary. Fast is often fast enough, and perfectly optimized code is a waste of development effort. Just put enough effort into performance optimization to meet the project's needs. Since most programming languages are fast enough for most use cases, it is better to choose the language based on the experience of the development team and the requirements of the project rather than on performance.
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17	17	#### Delay Decisions
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23	23	#### Miscellaneous
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25		-* **The sooner a problem is addressed, the cheaper it is.** For example, it is much cheaper to discover a problem in development than in production, where it could have caused real business damage. Or it is cheaper to refactor newly written code immediately, when you are familiar with it, than later, when you have forgotten it or someone else has to refactor it. So immediate refactoring, extensive testing, code reviews, and a focus on early feedback have become common practices.
	26	+* **The sooner a problem is addressed, the cheaper it is.** For example, it is much cheaper to discover a problem in development than in production, where it could have caused real business damage. Or it is cheaper to refactor newly written code immediately, when you are familiar with it, than later, when you have forgotten the technical details and subtleties, or when someone else has to refactor it. This is why immediate refactoring, extensive testing, code reviews, and a focus on early feedback have become common practices.
26	26	* **Early Feedback Through Early Implementation.** Tasks like analysis, design, and specification don't provide feedback and therefore no correction mechanism. Without this, a lot of effort can be wasted on concepts that do not work. The first technical feedback comes during implementation. The first user feedback may come after implementation. This is why people use agile and work in iterations to start implementation as early as possible, get feedback as early as possible, and ultimately waste less resources.
27		-* **Many small steps are cheaper than one big step.** It's more cost-effective to tackle a problem iteratively in small, simple, and safe steps than to tackle its full complexity all at once. That is why practices such as small-step refactoring, test-driven development, and continuous integration have prevailed.
	28	+* **Many small steps are cheaper than one big step.** It's more cost-effective to tackle a problem iteratively in small, simple, and safe steps than to tackle its full complexity all at once. That is why practices such as small-step refactoring, test-driven development, continuous integration and story-driven development have prevailed.
28	28	* **Individual productivity is higher in a team than when working alone.** A collaborative environment encourages knowledge sharing, professional growth, constructive challenge of individual views, mutual support and feedback. In addition, or if you have no one to talk to about technical issues, I highly recommend discussing problems and code with [ChatGPT 4+](https://chat.openai.com/) .